|
In Brazil, the Federal Constitution establishes five law enforcement institutions: the Federal Police, the Federal Highway Police, the Federal Railway Police, the State Military Police and Fire Brigade, and the State Civil Police. Of these, the first three are affiliated to federal authorities and the latter two subordinated to state governments. All police institutions are part of the Executive branch of either federal or state government. Apart from these five institutions there is another one which is affiliated to municipal authorities: the Municipal Guards. The Municipal Guards ''de jure'' is not considered a public security force, but federal law 13,022 (in effect since August 8, 2014) gave them ''de facto'' police attributions. According to the Supreme Federal Tribunal, the only security forces considered police units by Brazilian law are the ones listed in article 144 of the Federal Constitution, that is, the five aforementioned police forces.〔Court Decision ("ADIn n.236-8/RJ" ) Published June 1, 2001. Accessed September 5, 2007. (Portuguese)〕 There are two primary police functions: maintaining order and law enforcement. When criminal offences affect federal entities, federal police forces carry out those functions. In the remaining cases, the state police forces undertake police activities. ==History== The first groups assigned with security duties in Brazilian territory date back to the early sixteenth century. Small, incipient units were designated in the Brazilian coastline, with the main function of fending off hostile foreign invaders. In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited.〔Rio de Janeiro Civil Police ("Historical Data" ) Accessed September 5, 2007.〕 By the seventeenth century, most "capitanias" already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in Minas Gerais for maintaining order. At the time, intense gold mining had attracted attention and greed of explorers, generating tensions in the area.〔Minas Gerais Military Police ("Histórico" ) Accessed September 5, 2007. (Portuguese)〕 In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, due to the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI sought to reshape the administrative structure of the colony. Among several reforms, he established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General Police Intendancy), which merged police units with investigative functions, call currently of Civil Police. He also created a Military Guard with police functions in 13 May 1809. This is considered a predecessor force of local military police units. Later, in 1831, when independence had already been declared, each province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance tasks. In 31 January 1842, law 261 was enacted, reorganizing the investigative offices, the current "civil police". The first federal police force, the Federal Railroad Police, was created in 1852. Finally, in 1871, law 2033 separated police and judicial functions, creating the general bureaucratic structure and mechanisms still adopted nowadays by local police forces.〔Tourinho Filho, F. 2004. ''Processo Penal vol.1''. p.190. São Paulo: Saraiva. ISBN 85-02-04597-0〕 In 1944, a federal police institution was created. The current Federal Police department was conceived on November 16, 1964.〔Brazilian Federal Police Department ("Histórico do DPF" ). Accessed September 5, 2007. (Portuguese)〕 During the military dictatorship, some political police organizations were maintained, such as the DOI-CODI. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Law enforcement in Brazil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|